Reverse osmosis – a method of desalting water:
Depending on the pore size of the membranes, reverse osmosis, nanofiltration and ultrafiltration are distinguished .
Reverse osmosis is one of the technologies for water purification, implemented according to the natural principle of diffusion, which continuously occurs in the cells of organisms. Due to the arising natural pressure, water molecules penetrate into the cell through the pores of a semipermeable membrane , which consists of nanopores, passing only molecules commensurate with the water molecule and serves as a barrier for larger molecules. Penetration through the membrane occurs spontaneously, from a solution with a low concentration of impurities into a solution with a high concentration. The oxygen dissolved in water, which determines its taste, freely passes through the membrane and the purified water is fresh and tasty. At a pressure greater than equilibrium, a reverse direction process will take place on the solution side with a higher concentration of substances – reverse osmosis , i.e. under pressure, water molecules pass through the pores of the membrane, cutting off all salts from themselves, which remain in solution with a higher concentration. The reverse osmosis process present in all water purification systems or Industrial Ro plant is also based on forcing the feed water through the reverse osmosis membrane so that the vast majority of impurities are eliminated. Membrane nanopores cause a high degree of purification, the diameter of which is 0.0001 μm, i.e. 0.1 nm, which is 5,000 times less bacteria and 250 times less viruses. With a high salt content, the solution is a filtrate or concentrate, and permeate is purified water.
To conduct the reverse osmosis process, it is necessary to fulfill the following requirements:
1. The cleaning process requires the pressure of the source water and concentrate to overcome the osmotic pressure, which is in the range from 2..20 atm for drinking and mineral water, and up to 20..70 atm. for sea water
2. To avoid clogging, membranes in a concentrated contamination solution are discharged into the drain. Depending on technological factors, the volume of concentrate varies from 20 to 90 vol.%.
3. Use of prepared water to increase membrane life.
Thanks to low operating costs and excellent water, reverse osmosis water treatment It is very popular among consumers of both household filters and purified water manufacturers in industry it is known as an industrial Ro plant . The modern household reverse osmosis system is built on the principle of industrial, but with a reduced degree of preliminary water treatment, which is offset by a large amount of detachable concentrate. Fine filters have a throughput of 1..5 μm, which allows you to separate unwanted mechanical impurities of various nature, rust, scale, sand, etc. from the solution. Often, in order to remove dissolved gases, residual chlorine and organic compounds. In reverse osmosis systems, an adsorption carbon filter is used, which must be duplicated by a mechanical one to trap suspended particles from coal particles that have again appeared in the water. Prepared water increases the life of the reverse osmosis membrane at times.
The modern industrial reverse osmosis treatment system includes the following components:
- mechanical water filter
- reagent training system
- pressure boosting pump
- filter modules
- chemical flushing.
The uniqueness of the reverse osmosis process is widely used in the desalination of sea water, so most of the water used in countries with hard-to-reach fresh water is obtained by this method .
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