In the oil and gas industry, water and wastewater treatment plays a role in drilling operations and in the refinery process. UF industrial Ro plants are used in tertiary process applications in these industries to assist oil / gas managers and refineries in obtaining suitable water for reuse of produced water for fracking activities or sustainable discharge. Oil drilling is done both on and off the coast. The extraction process involves drilling a hole below the Earth’s surface (the seabed for offshore wells) in the oil reservoir zone of the Earth’s crust. Initially, the pressure built up in the oil reservoir is sufficient to naturally raise it for a while. This extracts up to 15% of the oil in the well. After this, the pressure below is no longer sufficient and therefore the pressure is induced by injecting liquids or gases to keep pressing the oil out of the wellhead. Up to 35 to 45% of the oil has now been recovered. Another 10 to 15% of the oil is extracted in a tertiary phase that uses steam to heat the oil and lower its viscosity, making it more mobile. Once the crude oil has been extracted from the earth, it must now be refined into the products that people can use. The science behind the refinery process is a bit complex, but it comes down to a multi-step distillation process. This process separates the oil into its component parts by heating it. Each different component has a different boiling point and they separate within the distillation column with the lowest boiling points at the top and the highest at the bottom. The components are pulled out of their layers and sent for further refinement. Both extraction and refining processes use water in some capacity. The waste water produced from refineries and the produced water from oil sources contains different levels of oils, fats, salts, heavy metals and hydrocarbons among other contaminants. Effective and sustainable treatment technologies are required when striving for water treatment to meet the requirements for discharges of environmental requirements or standards for the reuse of waste water. Specialized UF water treatment systems have many times proved to be a valuable tertiary process in oil and gas water treatment applications. In particular, there are two applications that these UF water systems use quite frequently: produced water treatment and refinery cooling tower, nutritional water treatment. I will discuss these applications in a moment. First, let’s identify and assess some of the common pollutants in produced water and waste water from refineries.
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