What reverse osmosis systems exist and how do they differ?
For a long time, practically the only field of application of reverse osmosis technology was industrial water treatment, where there was a need to obtain significant quantities of high-quality purified water with minimal energy, reagents and, most importantly, with the most complete use of source water as a raw material.
In most cases, industrial reverse osmosis systems are built on the basis of schemes using concentrate recycling — returning part of the concentrate to the unit inlet and mixing it with the source water. The advantage of such schemes is a high yield of permeate – 50% –75%, and in some cases up to 90%. However, such efficient use of water can only be achieved through the use of powerful pumping equipment, which allows achieving high working pressures of tens of atmospheres, appropriate piping and fittings, as well as instrumentation and automation. In addition, industrial Ro plant technology for water purification includes multi-stage pre-treatment using various reagents, as well as mandatory membrane washing procedures. It is obvious that the domestic use of reverse osmosis eliminates the use of such complex operations and equipment. Therefore, when creating household reverse osmosis systems intended for the purification of small amounts of drinking water, they had to abandon the high permeate yield for the sake of compactness, simplicity of construction and operation, reliability, noiselessness and, not least, low cost. For this reason, for household reverse osmosis systems, the permeate yield value is small and, as a rule, is at the level of up to 10%.
Membrane elements for household reverse osmosis
A membrane element is a device that includes a reverse osmosis membrane and components that ensure its effective use. In household reverse osmosis systems, rolled membrane elements (Fig. 6) of size 1812 are used, which corresponds to a diameter of 1.75 inches (44.5 mm) and a length of 11.74 inches (298 mm).
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