What is reverse osmosis?

The phenomenon of osmosis is not a human invention; with it, water is exchanged in all living organisms. Direct or natural osmosis is the process of spontaneous transition of a solvent (usually water) through a semi permeable membrane towards the solution. This is how plants draw water from the soil. In the roots of plants, the salt content is much higher than in the water contained in the soil. Under the influence of osmotic pressure, water penetrates into the plant. Similarly, cells in our body receive water. A cell membrane is a membrane through which water and nutrients are absorbed from a less saline intercellular fluid into a cell cavity filled with a more concentrated solution. Interesting fact. The first effect of osmosis was described back in 1748 by the French abbot Jean-Antoine Noulay. It’s not very clear why, but one evening, not having finished the red wine, he decided to merge the remains into the shell of the pig bladder and hide it in a barrel of water. In the morning the “vessel” was swollen, and the wine was greatly diluted. The priest found that only water penetrated into the bubble from the barrel. So for the first time in history, the phenomenon of osmosis was described. So, nature came up with everything for us, science could only investigate this process and reproduce it. At first, direct osmosis was used to purify or desalinate water. The cleaning process looks like this, on the one hand from the membrane we have sea water, on the other hand a concentrated solution of ammonium carbonate. First, water molecules from sea water penetrate through the membrane under the action of osmotic pressure, then the resulting ammonium solution diluted with filtered water is heated to 60-80 ° C, ammonium escapes, and distillate is obtained at the outlet. However, in the household sector, this method of cleaning is too complicated. In 1970, a fundamentally new method was proposed, based on the already known principle of direct osmosis. The challenge facing the engineers was to get distilled water from the solution without additional iterations. The semi permeable membrane remains the same – it is a synthetic substance that allows only water molecules to pass through and retains dissolved pollutants. Natural osmotic pressure is replaced by artificial hydrostatic pressure. Since water moves in the opposite direction from the solution to the distillate, the method is called reverse osmosis. The simplicity and 100% efficiency of the method became the key to its distribution throughout the world and in all spheres of human activity. In the food industry, industrial Ro plant replaced the heat treatment of concentrated juices and milk powder, which allowed us to preserve useful trace elements in products. Reverse osmosis attracted medicine with a guarantee of complete sterilization of water, because the membrane delays even cholera and hepatitis viruses. Thanks to the use of reverse osmosis for desalination, the availability of drinking water in arid and marine regions has significantly increased. In 2012, Singapore launched a reverse osmosis wastewater treatment project with the subsequent return of the resulting water to the water supply system. Moreover, such water received the highest rating from WHO and USEPA compared to other natural Singapore sources. Reverse osmosis attracted medicine with a guarantee of complete sterilization of water, because the membrane delays even cholera and hepatitis viruses. Thanks to the use of industrial Ro plant for desalination, the availability of drinking water in arid and marine regions has significantly increased. In 2012, Singapore launched a reverse osmosis wastewater treatment project with the subsequent return of the resulting water to the water supply system. Moreover, such water received the highest rating from WHO and USEPA compared to other natural Singapore sources. Osmosis attracted medicine with a guarantee of complete sterilization of water, because the membrane delays even cholera and hepatitis viruses. Thanks to the use of reverse osmosis for desalination, the availability of drinking water in arid and marine regions has significantly increased. In 2012, Singapore launched a reverse osmosis wastewater treatment project with the subsequent return of the resulting water to the water supply system. Moreover, such water received the highest rating from WHO and USEPA compared to other natural Singapore sources. In 2012, Singapore launched a reverse osmosis wastewater treatment project with the subsequent return of the resulting water to the water supply system. Moreover, such water received the highest rating from WHO and USEPA compared to other natural Singapore sources. In 2012, Singapore launched a reverse osmosis wastewater treatment project with the subsequent return of the resulting water to the water supply system. Moreover, such water received the highest rating from WHO and USEPA compared to other natural Singapore sources.

For further information click here : Ro plant price in Pakistan

Reverse osmosis – a method of desalting water:

Depending on the pore size of the membranes, reverse osmosis, nanofiltration and ultrafiltration are distinguished .

Reverse osmosis is one of the technologies for water purification, implemented according to the natural principle of diffusion, which continuously occurs in the cells of organisms. Due to the arising natural pressure, water molecules penetrate into the cell through the pores of a semipermeable membrane , which consists of nanopores, passing only molecules commensurate with the water molecule and serves as a barrier for larger molecules. Penetration through the membrane occurs spontaneously, from a solution with a low concentration of impurities into a solution with a high concentration. The oxygen dissolved in water, which determines its taste, freely passes through the membrane and the purified water is fresh and tasty. At a pressure greater than equilibrium, a reverse direction process will take place on the solution side with a higher concentration of substances – reverse osmosis , i.e. under pressure, water molecules pass through the pores of the membrane, cutting off all salts from themselves, which remain in solution with a higher concentration. The reverse osmosis process present in all water purification systems or Industrial Ro plant  is also based on forcing the feed water through the reverse osmosis membrane so that the vast majority of impurities are eliminated. Membrane nanopores cause a high degree of purification, the diameter of which is 0.0001 μm, i.e. 0.1 nm, which is 5,000 times less bacteria and 250 times less viruses. With a high salt content, the solution is a filtrate or concentrate, and permeate is purified water.

To conduct the reverse osmosis process, it is necessary to fulfill the following requirements:

1. The cleaning process requires the pressure of the source water and concentrate to overcome the osmotic pressure, which is in the range from 2..20 atm for drinking and mineral water, and up to 20..70 atm. for sea water

2. To avoid clogging, membranes in a concentrated contamination solution are discharged into the drain. Depending on technological factors, the volume of concentrate varies from 20 to 90 vol.%.

3. Use of prepared water to increase membrane life.

Thanks to low operating costs and excellent water, reverse osmosis water treatment It is very popular among consumers of both household filters and purified water manufacturers in industry it is known as an industrial Ro plant . The modern household reverse osmosis system is built on the principle of industrial, but with a reduced degree of preliminary water treatment, which is offset by a large amount of detachable concentrate. Fine filters have a throughput of 1..5 μm, which allows you to separate unwanted mechanical impurities of various nature, rust, scale, sand, etc. from the solution. Often, in order to remove dissolved gases, residual chlorine and organic compounds. In reverse osmosis systems, an adsorption carbon filter is used, which must be duplicated by a mechanical one to trap suspended particles from coal particles that have again appeared in the water. Prepared water increases the life of the reverse osmosis membrane at times.

The modern industrial reverse osmosis treatment system includes the following components:

• mechanical water filter
• reagent training system
• pressure boosting pump
• filter modules
• chemical flushing.

The uniqueness of the reverse osmosis process is widely used in the desalination of sea water, so most of the water used in countries with hard-to-reach fresh water is obtained by this method .

For further information click here : Ro plant price in Pakistan

Reverse osmosis membranes:

Artificial reverse osmosis membranes are designed to separate a liquid of a certain composition into components. Also, osmosis membranes are called selectively or differential permeable membranes. It allows diffusion to pass through itself molecules or ions below a certain size, and those who are larger – delays. The rate of passage of water through the membrane depends on the pressure, concentration of impurities and the temperature of the solution itself and the permeability of the membrane.It is also used in industry in a industrial Ro plant .

General information about the membrane in reverse osmosis systems:

A reverse osmosis membrane is the main element of systems where reverse osmosis is used. A reverse osmosis membrane is capable of passing only those molecules whose size is smaller than water molecules, and the remaining impurities merge into the drainage with a concentrated salt solution. Membrane nanopores caused a very high degree of purification, the diameter of which is 0.0001 μm, i.e. 0.1 nm, which is 250 times less than viruses and 5,000 times less bacteria. A solution with a high salt content is called -filtrate or concentrate, and purified water is permeate.

The polymer membrane of the filter is the most common artificial membrane; it is used in ultrafiltration of water and in the Industrial Ro plant .
Passing speed is influenced by such factors as:

Pressure (not <2.5 atm.)

Salt concentration (not> 1000 ppm. According to TDS)

Temperature (from + 50С to + 400С)

A case study on optimizing the treatment of recovered water :

Hatch recently completed a study on a high-throughput test method to assess several coagulants and flocculants (and various combinations of them) and compare them to the chemical formula used in an Industrial Ro plant. The test program was developed to analyze the performance of many chemicals in various dosages in order to compensate for the insufficient data available to treat the water recovered from this plant. Using the high throughput test method, we performed 425 different tests with a large number of chemicals in varying dosages in just three days. The results of this study were used to guide testing of larger volumes directly at the mine and to assess the toxicity of the treated water. Tests have shown that more conventional chemicals can be used in reasonable doses, and that the new chemical formula would significantly reduce annual operating costs. While there is no guarantee that other sites will achieve the same results, the high-throughput test method could be used in existing plants to quickly confirm whether the dosages are adequate and whether costs can be reduced. 

For futher information click here : Ro plant price in Pakistan

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